Recent development in computer-based manufacturing and inspection has necessitated extended knowledge and usage of geometric tolerances as carriers of design intent. The aim of applying geometrical tolerances in design is to provide function-oriented precise description of part geometry where the conventional size tolerance system fails to address. In view of the current development of computer-aided systems, applying geometric tolerances opens a new research front. This article examines the challenges in applying geometric tolerance information to carry the design intent to other downstream manufacturing processes and intelligently integrate the whole system. Based on the observed practical capabilities and literature studies, it is concluded that the current computer-aided design (CAD) systems cannot effectively provide the appropriate use of geometric tolerances. This article highlights the existing challenges and proposes a scheme of algorithm development for appropriate use of tolerance symbols and conditions at the design specification stage. This, in the long run, enables the CAD model to carry the design intent and opens a window of opportunity for intelligently integrating manufacturing systems.
Hirpa G. Lemu
. Current status and challenges of using geometric tolerance information in intelligent manufacturing systems[J]. Advances in Manufacturing, 2014
, 2(1)
: 13
-21
.
DOI: 10.1007/s40436-014-0056-3
1. Taguchi G (1986) Introduction to quality engineering: designing quality into products and processes. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo
2. Cogorno GR (2006) Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing for mechanical design. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York
3. Zhao X, Pasupathy TM, Wilhelm RG (2006) Modelling and representation of geometric tolerances information in integrated measurement processes. Comput Ind 57:319–330
4. Requicha AAG, Chan SC (1986) Representation of geometric features tolerances and attributes in solid models based on constructive geometry. IEEE J Robot Autom RA-2(3):156–166
5. Guilfor J, Turner JD (1993) Representational primitives for geometric tolerancing. Comput Aided Des 25(9):577–586
6. Turner JU (1990) Relative positioning of parts in assembly using mathematical programming. Comput Aided Des 22(7):394–400
7. Samuel GL, Shunmugam MS (2000) Evaluation of circularity from coordinate and form data using computational geometric techniques. Precis Eng 24(3):251–263
8. Samuel GL, Shunmugam MS (1999) Evaluation of straightness and flatness error using computational geometric techniques. Comput Aided Des 31(13):829–843
9. Gupta S, Turner JU (1991) Variational solid modelling for tolerance analysis. In: Proceedings of ASME International Conference on Computer Engineering, CA, USA, pp 487–494
10. Tsai J-C, Cutkosky MR (1997) Representation and reasoning of geometric tolerances in design. Artif Intell Eng Des Anal Manuf 11:325–341.
11. Roy U, Li B (1999) Representation and interpretation of polyhedral objects II. Comput Aided Des 31:273–285
12. ISO 1101 (2004) Geometrical product specification (GPS)—tolerance of form, orientation, location and runout, 2nd edn. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
13. ASME (2009) Dimensioning and tolerancing. ASME Standard Y14(5M):2009
14. Krulikowski A (1998) Fundamentals of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, 2nd edn. Division of Thomas Learning Inc., Delmar
15. Green P (2005) The geometrical tolerancing desk reference: creating and interpreting ISO standard technical drawings. Elsevier Ltd, Oxford
16. Requicha AAG (1983) Toward a theory of geometric tolerancing. Int J Robot Res 2(4):45–60.
17. Teck TB, Kumar AS, Subramanian V (2001) A CAD integrated analysis of flatness in a form tolerance zone. Comput Aided Des 33:853–865
18. Zhu LM, Ding H, Xiong YL (2003) A steepest descent algorithm for circularity evaluation. Comput Aided Des 35(3):255–265
19. Dhanish PB (2002) A simple algorithm for evaluation of minimum zone circularity error from coordinate data. Int J Mach Tool Manu 42(14):1589–1594
20. Wen X, Xia Q, Zhao Y (2007) An effective genetic algorithm for circularity error unified evaluation. Int J Mach Tool Manu 46: 1770–1777
21. Venkaiah N, Shunmugam MS (2007) Evaluation of form data using computational geometric techniques—part I: circularity error. Int J Mach Tool Manu 47:1229–1236
22. Moroni G, Petro´ S (2008) Geometric tolerance evaluation: a discussion on minimum zone fitting algorithms. Precis Eng 32: 232–237
23. Anthony GT, Anthony HM et al (1996) Reference software for finding Chebyshev best-fit geometric elements. Precis Eng 19(1):28–36
24. Gou JB (1999) A geometric theory of form, profile and orientation tolerances. Precis Eng 23:79–93
25. Forbes AB (1989) Least-square best fit geometric elements. Technical report of National Physical Laboratory, Middlesex, UK
26. Gou JB, Chu YX, Li ZX (1998) On the symmetry localization problem. IEEE Trans Robot Autom 14(4):540–553
27. Wang Y (1992) Minimum zone evaluation of form tolerances. ASME Manuf Rev 5(3):213–220
28. Kanada T, Suzuki S (1993) Application of several computing techniques for minimum zone straightness. Precis Eng 15(4): 274–280
29. Makelainen E, Heilala J (2001) Assembly process level tolerance analysis for electromechanical products. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on assembly and task planning, 2001, pp 405–410