Emerging carbon-based nanosensor devices: structures, functions and applications

doi:10.1007/s40436-015-0100-y

Abstract

Abstract: Bionanosensors and nanosensors have been devised in recent years with the use of various materials including carbon-based nanomaterials, for applications in diagnostics, environmental science and microelectronics. Carbon-based materials are critical for sensing applications, as they have physical and electronic properties which facilitate the detection of substances in solutions, gaseous compounds and pollutants through their conductive properties and resonance-frequency transmission capacities. In this review, a series of recent studies of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based nanosensors and optical systems are reported, with emphasis on biochemical, chemical and environmental detection. This study also encompasses a background and description of the various properties of the nanomaterials, and the operation mechanism of the manufactured nanosensors. The use of computational chemistry is applied in describing the electronic properties and molecular events of the included nanomaterials during operation. This review shows that resonance-based sensing technologies reach detection limits for gases, such as ammonia down to 10^-24 level. The study also shows that the properties of the carbon nanomaterials give them unique features that are critical for designing new sensors based on electrocatalysis and other reactive detection mechanisms. Several research fields can benefit from the described emerging technologies, such as areas of research in environmental monitoring, rapid-on site diagnostics, in situ analyses, and blood and urine sampling in medical and sport industry. Carbon nanomaterials are critical for the operational sensitivity of nanosensors. Considering the low cost of fabrication, carbon nanomaterials can represent an essential step in the manufacturing of tomorrow's commercial sensors.

Key words: Nanomaterials, Carbon-based, Graphene, Nanotubes, Sensors, Detectors, Quantum mechanics

S. Manzetti, D. Vasilache, E. Francesco. Emerging carbon-based nanosensor devices: structures, functions and applications[J]. Advances in Manufacturing, 2015, 3(1): 63-72.

TrendMD

References

1. Zhang CY, Yeh HC, Kuroki MT et al (2005) Single-quantumdot- based DNA nanosensor. Nat Mater 4(11):826-831

2. Riu J, Maroto A, Rius FX (2006) Nanosensors in environmental analysis. Talanta 69(2):288-301

3. Worsfold O, Toma C, Nishiya T (2004) Development of a novel optical bionanosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 19(11):1505-1511

4. Labroo P, Cui Y (2013) Flexible graphene bio-nanosensor for lactate. Biosens Bioelectron 41:852-856

5. Yola ML, Atar N, Eren T (2014) Determination of amikacin in human plasma by molecular imprinted SPR nanosensor. Sens Actuators B 198:70-76

6. Qian ZS, Shan XY, Chai LJ et al (2014) DNA nanosensor based on biocompatible graphene quantum dots and carbon nanotubes. Biosens Bioelectron 60:64-70

7. Li Y, Ma Q, Liu Z et al (2014) A novel enzyme-mimic nanosensor based on quantum dot-Au nanoparticle@ silica mesoporous microsphere for the detection of glucose. Anal Chim Acta 840:68-74

8. Chi X, Huang D, Zhao Z et al (2012) Nanoprobes for in vitro diagnostics of cancer and infectious diseases. Biomaterials 33(1):189-206

9. Hirata T, Amiya S, Akiya M et al (2007) Development of a vitamin-protein sensor based on carbon nanotube hybrid materials. Appl Phys Lett 90(23):233106

10. Hirata T, Amiya S, Akiya M et al (2008) Chemical modification of carbon nanotube based bio-nanosensor by plasma activation. Jpn J Appl Phys 47(4R):2068-2071

11. Adhikari S, Chowdhury R (2012) Zeptogram sensing from gigahertz vibration: graphene based nanosensor. Phys E 44(7):1528-1534

12. Murmu T, Adhikari S (2011) Nonlocal vibration of carbon nanotubes with attached buckyballs at tip. Mech Res Commun 38(1):62-67

13. Suehiro J, Sano N, Zhou G et al (2006) Application of dielectrophoresis to fabrication of carbon nanohorn gas sensor. J Electrost 64(6):408-415

14. Sano N, Ohtsuki F (2007) Carbon nanohorn sensor to detect ozone in water. J Electrost 65(4):263-268

15. Hangarter CM, Bangar M, Mulchandani A et al (2010) Conducting polymer nanowires for chemiresistive and FET-based bio/chemical sensors. J Mater Chem 20(16):3131-3140

16. Hun X, Zhang Z (2007) Preparation of a novel fluorescence nanosensor based on calcein-doped silica nanoparticles, and its application to the determination of calcium in blood serum. Microchim Acta 159(3-4):255-261

17. R&M (2014) Nanosensor Markets. Nanomarkets (March 2014)

18. Sakata T, Miyahara Y (2006) DNA sequencing based on intrinsic molecular charges. Angew Chem Int Ed 45(14):2225-2228

19. Adhikari S, Chowdhury R (2010) The calibration of carbon nanotube based bionanosensors. J Appl Phys 107(12):124322

20. Yoon SLaDS (2007) Bionanosensors. BioChip J 193(1):60-70

21. Manzetti S (2013) Molecular and crystal assembly inside the carbon nanotube: encapsulation and manufacturing approaches. Adv Manuf 1(13):198-210

22. Khlobystov AN, Britz DA, Briggs GAD (2005) Molecules in carbon nanotubes. Acc Chem Res 38(12):901-909

23. Khlobystov AN (2011) Carbon nanotubes: from nano test tube to nano-reactor. ACS Nano 5(12):9306-9312

24. Fischer JE (2002) Chemical doping of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Acc Chem Res 35(12):1079-1086

25. Lien DH, Hsu WK, Zan HW et al (2006) Photocurrent amplification at carbon nanotube-metal contacts. Adv Mater 18(1): 98-103

26. Krusin-Elbaum L, Newns D, Zeng H et al (2004) Room-temperature ferromagnetic nanotubes controlled by electron or hole doping. Nature 431(7009):672-676

27. Liu L, Guo G, Jayanthi C et al (2002) Colossal paramagnetic moments in metallic carbon nanotori. Phys Rev Lett 88(21): 217206

28. Hanson GW (2005) Fundamental transmitting properties of carbon nanotube antennas. Antennas Propag IEEE Trans 53(11):3426-3435

29. Suryavanshi AP, Yu MF, Wen J et al (2004) Elastic modulus and resonance behavior of boron nitride nanotubes. Appl Phys Lett 84(14):2527-2529

30. Poncharal P, Wang Z, Ugarte D et al (1999) Electrostatic deflections and electromechanical resonances of carbon nanotubes. Science 283(5407):1513-1516

31. Purcell S, Vincent P, Journet C et al (2002) Tuning of nanotube mechanical resonances by electric field pulling. Phys Rev Lett 89(27):276103

32. Jensen K, Kim K, Zettl A (2008) An atomic-resolution nanomechanical mass sensor. Nat Nano 3(9):533-537

33. Peng H, Chang C, Aloni S et al (2006) Ultrahigh frequency nanotube resonators. Phys Rev Lett 97(8):087203

34. Wang Q (2005) Wave propagation in carbon nanotubes via nonlocal continuum mechanics. J Appl Phys 98(12):124301

35. Wang Q, Varadan V (2006) Vibration of carbon nanotubes studied using nonlocal continuum mechanics. Smart Mater Struct 15(2):659-666

36. Murmu T, Adhikari S, Wang CY (2011) Torsional vibration of carbon nanotube-buckyball systems based on nonlocal elasticity theory. Phys E 43(6):1276-1280

37. Zhang Y, Liu G, Xie X (2005) Free transverse vibrations of double-walled carbon nanotubes using a theory of nonlocal elasticity. Phys Rev B 71(19):195404

38. Warner JH, Watt AA, Ge L et al (2008) Dynamics of paramagnetic metallo fullerenes in carbon nanotube peapods. Nano Lett 8(4):1005-1010

39. Kong J, Franklin NR, Zhou C et al (2000) Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors. Science 287(5453):622-625

40. Law M, Goldberger J, Yang P (2004) Semiconductor nanowires and nanotubes. Annu Rev Mater Res 34:83-122

41. Ebbesen T, Lezec H, Hiura H et al (1996) Electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes. Nature 382:54-56

42. Baerends EJTZ, Autschbach J, Bashford D et al (2013) Amsterdam density functional. In: SCM, theoretical chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. http://www.scm.com

43. Goerigk L, Grimme S (2011) A thorough benchmark of density functional methods for general main group thermochemistry, kinetics, and noncovalent interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13(14):6670-6688

44. Autschbach J (2004) The accuracy of hyperfine integrals in relativistic NMR computations based on the zeroth-order regular approximation. Theor Chem Acc 112(1):52-57

45. Odom TW, Huang JL, Kim P et al (1998) Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nature 391(6662):62-64

46. Jensen L, Åstrand P-O, Mikkelsen KV (2004) The static polarizability and second hyperpolarizability of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem A 108(41):8795-8800

47. Portet C, Yushin G, Gogotsi Y (2007) Electrochemical performance of carbon onions, nanodiamonds, carbon black and multiwalled nanotubes in electrical double layer capacitors. Carbon 45(13):2511-2518

48. BércesABC, BoerrigterPM, CavalloLet al (2004)ADF2004.01. In: SCM, theoretical chemistry, Vrije Universitiet, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. http://www.scm.com

49. Sahoo S, Kontos T, Furer J et al (2005) Electric field control of spin transport. Nat Phys 1(2):99-102

50. Li C, Thostenson ET, Chou TW (2008) Sensors and actuators based on carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review. Compos Sci Technol 68(6):1227-1249

51. Nakhmanson S, Calzolari A, Meunier V et al (2003) Spontaneous polarization and piezoelectricity in boron nitride nanotubes. Phys Rev B 67(23):235406

52. Kim GH, Hong SM, Seo Y (2009) Piezoelectric properties of poly (vinylidene fluoride) and carbon nanotube blends: b-phase development. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11(44):10506-10512

53. Li J, Lu Y, Ye Q et al (2003) Carbon nanotube sensors for gas and organic vapour detection. Nano Lett 3(7):929-933

54. Qi P, Vermesh O, Grecu M et al (2003) Toward large arrays of multiplex functionalized carbon nanotube sensors for highly sensitive and selective molecular detection. Nano Lett 3(3): 347-351

55. McGrath M, Pham AVH (2008) Microwave based ammonia detection with vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays. Sens Lett 6(5):719-722

56. Wang J, Musameh M (2003) Carbon nanotube/teflon composite electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Anal Chem 75(9): 2075-2079

57. Lee J, Jo M, Kim TH et al (2011) Aptamer sandwich-based carbon nanotube sensors for single-carbon-atomic-resolution detection of non-polar small molecular species. Lab Chip 11(1): 52-56

58. Vink T, Gillies M, Kriege J et al (2003) Enhanced field emission from printed carbon nanotubes by mechanical surface modification. Appl Phys Lett 83(17):3552-3554

59. Pastine SJ, Okawa D, Kessler B et al (2008) A facile and patternable method for the surface modification of carbon nanotube forests using perfluoroarylazides. J Am Chem Soc 130(13): 4238-4239

60. Park OK, Jeevananda T, Kim NH et al (2009) Effects of surface modification on the dispersion and electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube/polyaniline composites. Scr Mater 60(7):551-554

61. Kathi J, Rhee K (2008) Surface modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. J Mater Sci 43(1):33-37

62. Belanger D, Pinson J (2011) Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 40(7):3995-4048

63. Zhao XD, Fan XH, Chen XF et al (2006) Surface modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes via nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. J Polym Sci Part A 44(15):4656-4667

64. Kruss S, Hilmer AJ, Zhang J et al (2013) Carbon nanotubes as optical biomedical sensors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65(15): 1933-1950

65. Avouris P, Freitag M, Perebeinos V (2008) Carbon-nanotube photonics and optoelectronics. Nat Photonics 2(6):341-350

66. Barone PW, Baik S, Heller DA et al (2004) Near-infrared optical sensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Mater 4(1):86-92

67. Barone PW, Strano MS (2006) Reversible control of carbon nanotube aggregation for a glucose affinity sensor. Angew Chem 118(48):8318-8321

68. Satishkumar B, Brown LO, Gao Y et al (2007) Reversible fluorescence quenching in carbon nanotubes for biomolecular sensing. Nat Nanotechnol 2(9):560-564

69. Heller DA, Jin H, Martinez BM et al (2008) Multimodal optical sensing and analyte specificity using single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Nanotechnol 4(2):114-120

70. Krauss TD (2009) Biosensors: nanotubes light up cells. Nat Nanotechnol 4(2):85-86

71. Kang X, Wang J, Wu H et al (2010) A graphene-based electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of paracetamol. Talanta 81(3):754-759

72. Pumera M (2010) Graphene-based nanomaterials and their electrochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 39(11):4146-4157

73. Wang X, Ouyang Y, Li X et al (2008) Room-temperature allsemiconducting sub-10-nm graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors. Phys Rev Lett 100(20):206803

74. Meric I, Han MY, Young AF et al (2008) Current saturation in zero-bandgap, top-gated graphene field-effect transistors. Nat Nanotechnol 3(11):654-659

75. Xia F, Farmer DB, Lin YM et al (2010) Graphene field-effect transistors with high on/off current ratio and large transport band gap at room temperature. Nano Lett 10(2):715-718

76. Lee CG, Park S, Ruoff RS et al (2009) Integration of reduced graphene oxide into organic field-effect transistors as conducting electrodes and as a metal modification layer. Appl Phys Lett 95(2):023304

77. Wang L, Chen X, Yu A et al (2014) Highly sensitive and wideband tunable terahertz response of plasma waves based on graphene field effect transistors. Sci Rep 4:5470

78. He Q, Wu S, Yin Z et al (2012) Graphene-based electronic sensors. Chem Sci 3(6):1764-1772

79. Yavari F, Chen Z, Thomas AV et al (2011) High sensitivity gas detection using a macroscopic three-dimensional graphene foam network. Sci Rep 1:166

80. Zhang Y, Tang TT, Girit C et al (2009) Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene. Nature 459(7248):820-823

81. Kuila T, Bose S, Khanra P et al (2011) Recent advances in graphenebased biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 26(12):4637-4648

82. Wu JF, Xu MQ, Zhao GC (2010) Graphene-based modified electrode for the direct electron transfer of cytochrome c and biosensing. Electrochem Commun 12(1):175-177

83. Shan C, Yang H, Han D et al (2010) Electrochemical determination of NADH and ethanol based on ionic liquid-functionalized graphene. Biosens Bioelectron 25(6):1504-1508

84. Xu H, Dai H, Chen G (2010) Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of hemoglobin protein entrapped in graphene and chitosan composite film. Talanta 81(1):334-338

85. Song Y, He Z, Hou H et al (2012) Architecture of Fe3O4- graphene oxide nanocomposite and its application as a platform for amino acid biosensing. Electrochim Acta 71:58-65

86. Shao Y, Wang J, Wu H et al (2010) Graphene based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review. Electroanalysis 22(10):1027-1036

87. He S, Song B, Li D et al (2010) A graphene nanoprobe for rapid, sensitive, and multicolor fluorescent DNA analysis. Adv Funct Mater 20(3):453-459

88. Wang B, Chang YH, Zhi LJ (2011) High yield production of graphene and its improved property in detecting heavy metal ions. New Carbon Mater 26(1):31-35

89. Lu G, Ocola LE, Chen J (2009) Gas detection using low-temperature reduced graphene oxide sheets. Appl Phys Lett 94(8):083111

90. Jaaniso R, Kahro T, Kozlova J et al (2014) Temperature induced inversion of oxygen response in CVD graphene on SiO2. Sens Actuators B 190:1006-1013

91. Huh S, Park J, Kim KS et al (2011) Selective n-type doping of graphene by photo-patterned gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano 5(5):3639-3644

[1]	Sheng Tao, Hui-Ting Liu, Liu-Ming Yan, Bao-Hua Yue, Ai-Jun Li. Hydrogenation of graphene nanoflakes and C-H bond dissociation of hydrogenated graphene nanoflakes:a density functional theory study [J]. Advances in Manufacturing, 2017, 5(3): 289-298.
[2]	Sergio Manzetti. Molecular and crystal assembly inside the carbon nanotube: encapsulation and manufacturing approaches [J]. Advances in Manufacturing, 2013, 1(3): 198-210.
[3]	Knut E. Aasmundtveit Bao Quoc Ta Quoc-Huy Nguyen Tormod B. Haugen Nils Hoivik Einar Halvorsen. Local synthesis of carbon nanotubes for direct integration in Simicrosystems – design considerations [J]. Advances in Manufacturing, 2013, 1(3): 218-225.
[4]	Johan Liu, Di Jiang, Yifeng Fu, Teng Wang. Carbon nanotubes for electronics manufacturing and packaging:from growth to integration [J]. Advances in Manufacturing, 2013, 1(1): 13-27.